How to Get the Most Out of the New WordPress Block Editor

If youve been using WordPress for a while now, youre probably already familiar with the new WordPress Block Editor. Its a powerful tool, and an intuitive system. However, since were talking about WordPress, you know theres always room for growth if you dont mind making a few tweaks.To get the most out of the Block Editor, youll want to learn how to add new elements to it. You can do this with plugins or even by creating your own custom blocks, so you have plenty of options.In this article, were going to talk about how you can use the default Block Editor setup efficiently. Then well teach you how to build on it by adding new blocks, both using plugins, and making your own. Lets talk blocks! your theme plays nicely with it. While the Block Editor works with any theme at a basic level, having a theme with built-in compatibility lets you take advantage of all the new functionality.The core of the new editor experience is based on a simple block system. Your pages are divided into rows, and you can place any block you want on each one:You can also use columns for better control of the location of each element:This system should feel remarkably familiar if youve ever used a page builder plugin. The overall result is that the WordPress page building experience is now a lot more visual.To get the most out of the editor, youll want to get acquainted with all of the default elements it includes. You have plenty of familiar options here, including lists, paragraphs, quotes, and more:If youre getting used to the new system, theres a particular category of blocks you should pay attention to, called  Layout Elements. Using these blocks, you can add columns to your pages, as well as  Read More  elements, separators, page breaks, and spacers:By combining these, youll have full control over your page and post layouts, so play around with them until you feel comfortable. Then, when youre fully acquainted with the default blocks, its time to throw some new elements into th e mix.ðŸ”Å' Three plugins to add new blocks to the WordPress editorAs soon as the Block Editor came onto the WordPress communitys radar, it didnt take long for developers to start tinkering with it. Even though it hasnt been too long since its launch, there are already plenty of plugins you can use to add new blocks.Weve collected some of our favorite block plugins here, but these are three of the standouts1. Atomic Blocks Atomic Blocks Gutenberg Blocks Collection Author(s): atomicblocksCurrent Version: 2.1.0Last Updated: September 11, 2019atomic-blocks.2.1.0.zip 90%Ratings 271,718Downloads WP 5.0+Requires Atomic Blocks is the most popular WordPress block plugin so far. It adds 11 new blocks to the editor, which may not sound like much, but its selection opens up a lot of exciting design possibilities.As soon as you activate the Atomic Blocks plugin, youll see a new tab when adding a block:Some of these need no explanation, such as  AB Button  and  AB Testimonial. However, others such as  AB Post Grid  and  AB Spacer  are pretty fun to use, and offer ways to alter the page layout not currently possible with the default block collection.Key Features:Adds 11 new blocks to the editor.Lets you fully customize the style and content of each new block.2. Stackable Stackable Gutenberg Blocks Author(s): Gambit Technologies, IncCurrent Version: 1.17.3Last Updated: September 13, 2019stackable-ultimate-gutenberg-blocks.1.17.3.zip 98%Ratings 182,250Downloads WP 4.8+Requires Stackable adds over 20 new blocks to the WordPress editor, making it the best choice if you want a lot of new elements to play with. Among those blocks, you have several simple options, such as buttons, dividers, and containers:However, Stackable also offers more advanced blocks to play with. Some of our favorites include  Team Member  and  Pricing Box  sections:Its also worth noting Stackable enables you to pick and choose which blocks you want to add to the editor. This means you can remove options you dont need, and makes finding relevant blocks easier.Key Features:Adds over 20 new options to the WordPress Block Editor.Enables you to customize each block using a wealth of options.Lets you enable and disable blocks from the editor.3. Gutenberg Blocks and Template Library by Otter Gutenberg Blocks and Template Library by Otter Author(s): ThemeIsleCurrent Version: 1.2.5Last Updated: September 10, 2019otter-blocks.zip 96%Ratings 113,328Downloads WP 5.0+Requires Gutenberg Blocks and Template Library by Otter is our own plugin that adds both new blocks for you to play with, as well as premade templates built with the WordPress Block Editor that you can easily import into your site.Once you install and activate the plugin, you can start using the blocks from the new  Otter section in the  Add Block interface:You can also insert templates from the  Section block:Key Features:Adds over 12 new elements to the WordPress Block Edito r.Includes Gutenberg-compatible templates that you can insert right from the Block Editor.🠏â€"ï ¸  How to create custom blocks (two plugins to help you get started)When it comes to creating new blocks, you can either take the  manual approach  or use plugins. The former gives you more control, but does require some development experience. However, its the latter well discuss now. This section will focus on two tools that enable you to put together simple custom blocks with ease.1. Block Lab Block Lab Author(s): Block LabCurrent Version: 1.4.1Last Updated: September 11, 2019block-lab.zip 98%Ratings 25,652Downloads WP 5.0+Requires When you boil it down, blocks are basically collections of custom fields. The difference lies in what fields and types of values you use for each block. With Block Lab, you can add new blocks to the editor and assign a category to them:For each block, you can add almost as many custom fields as you want, choosing from a broad range of pres ets:However, although the plugin does most of the heavy lifting, youll still need to know how to put together simple HTML templates to customize each blocks layout. Heres a guide that outlines the process, so you have an idea of what to expect.2. Lazy Blocks Lazy Blocks Gutenberg Blocks Constructor Author(s): nKCurrent Version: 1.8.0Last Updated: October 3, 2019lazy-blocks.1.8.0.zip 98%Ratings 13,071Downloads 4.9.0Requires Overall, the Lazy Blocks experience is pretty similar to that of Block Labs. You can put together custom blocks using predetermined fields, and arrange them in practically any order you want:The primary difference here is that Lazy Blocks enables you to modify your blocks template from within the dashboard, so you dont have to use a text editor:Its a different flavor, but not necessarily superior to Block Labs, so feel free to go with whichever of the two approaches you prefer!Go to topâÅ'› ConclusionThe WordPress Block Editor is a significant change f rom the classic way of doing things. However, this change brings with it a lot of exciting opportunities. The block system is pretty easy to use, and the selection of elements it includes out of the box is nothing to scoff at.However, to get the most out of the WordPress Block Editor, youll want to figure out how to add new items to it. You can do this using plugins such as Atomic Blocks, Stackable, and Gutenberg Blocks and Template Library by Otter. Block Lab and Lazy Blocks.Do you have any questions about how to use the WordPress Block Editor? Lets talk about them in the comments section below!Free guide5 Essential Tips to Speed Up Your WordPress SiteReduce your loading time by even 50-80% just by following simple tips.

buy custom The Renaissance Humanism essay

buy custom The Renaissance Humanism essay This research paper studies the basics of humanities; how and when did humanism began? It further studies Renaissance Humanism during fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and the literary work during that time. It further studies the cultural and philosophical movement which swept across Europe during that time which led to the modern era, ending the era of middle ages is known as Renaissance Humanism. For my study, I referred to Krayes book Renaissance Humanism which was first published in 1996 and discusses the origin of Renaissance Humanism in Europe, especially the Italian humanists contribution in translating the ancient Roman and Greek work related to art and literature of ancient times. Kreis article on Renaissance Humanism also helped me clarifying key points of humanism, their philosophy and school of thought and how did they worked their way up so that their views are known and widely accepted by the society. During 1400 A.D. to 1650 A.D. the secularism philosophy stimulated with the era when people and nations began favoring the pagan traditions again and were diverted to gain respect and worldly pleasures. This periods intellectual and literary currents and their social philosophy which is considered to be the most predominant, is referred to as Humanism (Kreis, 2000). The cultural and philosophical movement swept across Europe during fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth century which lead to the modern era, ending the era of middle ages is known as Renaissance Humanism (Kraye, 1996). Due to the emergent secular view of life it resulted in zeal for the tradition; growth of luxury and prosperity, trade expansion, and growing social contacts attracted more interest in the pleasures of the world although they had formal adherence to Christianity. Therefore, humanists gave birth to classical writers who revealed the attitude of secular system and similar kind of social values (Kreis, 2000). Amongst the common outline of those scholarly interests and their mental attitudes gathered under the rubric humanism, historians agreed that the humanists mentality stand between the contemporary scientific and their critical attitude, and medieval supernaturalism. According to Medievalist, Humanism is the fatal product of the middle ages (Kreis, 2000). Modern historians view humanism as the germinal period of modernism, therefore, it is assumed that the Renaissance man lived between medieval Christian matrix and scientific concepts. Therefore the man of the Renaissance is suspended from both, reasons and faith, because he does not believe in homogeneous point of view which determined the significance of each phenomenon, and he is yet to find security for his life, social principle stability and system of scientific concets (Kreis, 2000). The main focus of humanism is the rights of human beings, that is, they should be praised for the work they have done and their achievements. Humanists, therefore, produced literary work on ancient methodologies and their arts so that they can be remembered for their great work during that time (Kraye, 1996). The Renaissance Humanism was first introduced in Italy due to its connections with ancient Rome which is known for its artistic work and culture. Italians believed that they are the descendents of Romans therefore they felt the need to study the culture of their forefathers and their ancestors (Kraye, 1996). Until sixteenth century, there were no political thinkers produced due to the humanists movement because the Renaissance humanists were not engaged with politics till then. They were keen to accept professions in which they became bureaucrats, diplomats, teachers, courtiers etc. It was because most of the ancient literature was lost or was written in Greek which they require translating so that it can be reproduced and brought forward to be recognized by the worldly nations (Kraye, 1996). The Renaissance Humanism was first introduced in Italy due to its connections with ancient Rome which is known for its artistic work and culture. Italians believed that they are the descendents of Romans therefore they felt the need to study the culture of their forefathers and their ancestors (Kraye, 1996). The literary work they produced at that time on politics was not intended for focused audiences. They were more interested in producing literary work on ancient traditions of moral-rhetorical through which they desire to reform individuals, such as aristocrats, merchants and professional, and their society (Kraye, 1996). During fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, humanists changed the intellectual world which helped them to bring reforms in political science. Although, humanists were unable to produce any high ranked political thinkers as yet but during sixteenth century they produced two high ranked politicians in Europe named Niccolo Machiavelli and Thomas More whose literary work and writings exposed the tensions of contemporary political view and characteristics dilemmas (Kraye, 1996). There were two views and types of reformers. One believed that by reforming individuals they will be able to reform their institutions and the others believed that by reforming their institutions they will be able to reform the individual values. Many humanists began taking part in political affairs so that they may serve both purposes i.e. to reform individuals by reforming institutions and to reform institutions by reforming individual values (Kraye, 1996). Renaissance was the age of oligarchs and tyrants; it was the time when rulers had questionable titles which were illegitimate. Therefore, the humanists efforts were devoted to reforming individuals during fourteenth and fifteenth century so that they can later reform their institutions (Kraye, 1996). The cultural and philosophical movement swept across Europe during fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth century which lead to the modern era, ending the era of middle ages is known as Renaissance Humanism (Kraye, 1996). The main focus of humanism is the rights of human beings, that is, they should be praised for the work they have done and their achievements. Humanists, therefore, produced literary work on ancient methodologies and their arts so that they can be remembered for their great work during that time (Kraye, 1996). The Renaissance Humanism was first introduced in Italy due to its connections with ancient Rome which is known for its artistic work and culture. Italians believed that they are the descendents of Romans therefore they felt the need to study the culture of their forefathers and their ancestors (Kraye, 1996). Humanists first became bureaucrats, diplomats, teachers, courtiers etc., and produced literary work to influence individuals behavior, their perception and views so that they may change the system to reward those who take active part in building a society (Kraye, 1996). Most humanists were the believers of paganism while there were few others who did not believed in any god as they argue that religion is far from any social affairs. Amongst the common outline of those scholarly interests and their mental attitudes gathered under the rubric humanism, historians agreed that the humanists mentality stand between the contemporary scientific and their critical attitude, and medieval supernaturalism. According to Medievalist, Humanism is the fatal product of the middle ages (Kraye, 1996). Modern historians view humanism as the germinal period of modernism, therefore, it is assumed that the Renaissance man lived between medieval Christian matrix and scientific concepts. Therefore the man of the Renaissance is suspended from both, reasons and faith, because he does not believe in homogeneous point of view which determined the significance of each phenomenon, and he is yet to find security for his life, social principle stability and system of scientific concepts (Kraye, 1996). Until sixteenth century renaissance humanists were not associated with politics though they did produce some literary work but it was not intended for the focused group. However, these and other literary work changed the intellectual communitys perception and in sixteenth century two high ranked humanist politicians made valuable contributions to the humanists view of political sciences (Kraye, 1996). Buy custom The Renaissance Humanism essay

BUS205 MOD 3 CA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BUS205 MOD 3 CA - Essay Example Blank contracts are evident across McDonalds’ operations. They range from supplies, transportation to customer service contracts. A dominant blank contract central to the operations of McDonalds is franchising. McDonalds allows other parties other than its founders to own and run McDonalds restaurants around the world. All McDonalds’ stores are however subject to the regulation and control of the top management and the McDonalds Corporation. This means that deviant practices from those of McDonalds Corporation are not acceptable. Franchising ranges from buying, leasing to co-operating McDonalds stores. The sale of goods and services is subject to laws that seek to regulate and control the underlying transactions. An essential law to account for is the Uniform Commercial Code (White & Summers 130). This code is basically a law that governs the sale of products and services. The code is made up of different articles, each of which addresses a specific issue prior to transactions that involve sale of goods and services. In the McDonalds context, article 2 of the UCC is evaluated in regard to McDonalds’ blank contract in franchising. McDonald’s employs three different franchising strategies. These are: conventional franchise, business facilities lease (BFL) and joint venture franchising (Shaw & Lafontaine 1041). The first strategy is a twenty-year lease of the company’s stores. The second one involves a contract where the company sells it stores to potential buyers. Finally, the third strategy is basically the partnership of the corporation and its affiliate parties in a bid to expand and spread McDonalds’ operations. Article 2 of the UCC provides for the sale of goods only. The article does not provide for any service contracts. The critical aspect of this article is that a good is defined as an item that is identifiable and movable at the time of sale (White & Summers 237). In this regard, some franchising

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY COURSEWORK Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY - Coursework Example Average Lifetime for CH4 is 8.13 years, in this case it’s a first order chemical loss for X(CH4) With Rate Constant KC=3Ãâ€"10-15, The chemical loss is L=Kcm so that Tc is simply the inverse of the rate constant (Naylor, 1995) (a) The most abundant oxidants in the Earths atmosphere are O2(oxygen), O3(ozone) and OH(hydroxyl ) Radical group. These oxidants have large bond energies and are hence relatively unreactive except toward radicals (O2 only toward highly unstable radicals). With a few exceptions, oxidation of non-radical atmospheric species by O2 or O3 is negligibly slow. Of the three, OH radical is identified as a strong oxidant in the stratosphere. OH reacts rapidly with most reduced non-radical species, and is particularly reactive toward H-containing molecules due to H-abstraction reactions converting OH to H2O. Oxygen and Ozone:O2 and O3-oxygen is a principal constituent of dry air, accounting for 21% of the atmospheric volume, atmospheric oxygen is regulated by a slow atmospheric lithosphere cycle involving conversion of O2 to Carbon dioxide. Elements that combine with oxygen remove it from atmosphere; these are described as oxygen sinks, oxygen also combines with other elements to make oxides, the process of chemical change involving oxygen molecules and electrons is both oxidation and reduction, thus its relative activity in the atmosphere (Naylor, 1995) Ozone is generated by the energetic action of solar ultraviolet radiation (UV) on Ordinary Oxygen in the presence of stabilizing agent like Nitrogen. The reaction is reversible and O3 reverts to diatomic oxygen. It’s a strong oxidizing agent readily reacting with other chemical compounds to make toxic oxides, it’s also responsible in providing the strong oxidant OH and its also an important greenhouse gas, however its being depleted at high rate due to emissions due to human

RENAL COMPONENT ASSESSMENT (IN ITU) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

RENAL COMPONENT ASSESSMENT (IN ITU) - Essay Example This notwithstanding, some people develop a medical condition where the kidneys are almost incapacitated or fail to adequately perform this role of filtration of waste products from the bloodstream. Once this situation is diagnosed, the person is said to be suffering from renal dysfunction, kidney failure, or renal insufficiency. The situation described above is only the end result of the health problem as it involves several complex component aspects that bring about this medical condition. This paper therefore aims to critically assesses and analyse renal dysfunction from a medical point of view, where emphasis is placed on renal anatomy and physiology, effect of renal system on cardiovascular and respiratory systems, clinical plans for renal dysfunction, and the treatment of various components of renal dysfunctional situations such as hyperkalaemia. Case Study Analysis This is a case of 90 year old Mrs. X (name withdrawn for ethical purposes of anonymity). Mrs. X has medical histo ry that includes hypertension, cataracts and previous rectal prolapse. Three days before her admission to the ITU, she had been presented to the Accident and Emergency Unit with abdominal pain. She was then treated for urinary tract infection using Trimethoprim and then sent home. On the day of admission to the ITU, which was three days after she left the Accident and Emergency Unit, Mrs. X was found with nausea, distended abdomen and suffering anuria for 3 days. Through an Electrocardiography, Mrs. X was identified to be showing ventricular ectopic beats with the following readings: blood creatinine 984, urea 54:8, potassium 8.7, CK 227, and CRP (c-reactive protein) 177. Indeed this case gives a multi-variant indication of possible complications that Mrs. X may be suffering from. But more significantly, it would be noted that most of the situational conditions of the patient are highly related, and for that matter, related to the functioning of her renal systems (UK Renal Associati on, 2012, p. 86). According to UK Renal Association (2012, p. 87), there are three major groups of renal failure, with each of these having their own causes based on their location within the renal system. These types are prerenal renal failure, postrenal renal failure and intrinsic renal failure. For patients with prerenal renal failure, they are diagnosed to have perfusion of the kidney, which signals that there is lack of proper cleaning in the blood (Web MD, 2010). This may be caused by dehydration, continual blood loss or heart failure. Postrenal renal failure on the other hand involves an inhibited flow of urine out of the two kidneys, leading to amassed pressure in the renal nephrons (Watts, Harri and Shaw, 2010, p. 98). This is often caused by factors including bladder stone, kidney stones, and neurogenic bladder. Intrinsic renal failure is however a damage to both kidneys and is not associated or caused by either prerenal or postrenal renal failures. Intrinsic renal failure is however caused by vascular diseases, diseases of tubules, and acute tubular necrosis. By comparison, it will be noted that Mrs. X is currently suffering from a postrenla renal failure as she shows symptoms directly related to her renal nephron functioning. Quite apart from these renal related issues, her experience with cataracts and hypertension could be said to be highly isolated for her current symptoms,

Russian Folk Dance: History and Relationship with Ballet

Russian Folk Dance: History and Relationship with Ballet Introduction 1.1 Background Information Russian people think that the Russian dance is a celebration of their lives. Russian folk dance and folk music discloses the feeling and an expression of spirituality. The visit to Russia is becoming an experience of this new land. Russia is known as an attractive destination due to the scary size along with an interesting history of Europe. It is considered as an ultimate tourist destination and the country is one third part of European countries with the diverse musical background. Russian dances are full of individual and huge performers (Chitranshi, 2009). Russian dances are the human activities which constitutes all properties about human. Thus Russian dance exists at this land along with their terminology, sayings, proverbs and conversations. In Russia, classical ballet is a ruler. There is no training for the modern dances and also there is no performance space along with some modern schools. Russian folk dance was common among the peasants, commoners and the lower class peopl e living outside the city (earlier than the rule of Peter). The higher class people did not dance but they were getting pleasure from the enjoyable performances of dancing trainers. The major differentiation among social classes within the culture of Russian dance took place as a historical event. That attack had broken the peoples way to live life and it also it changed the progress of Russian dances by stumbling its logical sequences. Russian classical ballet dance is very popular dance all around the world and it remained very popular since the nineteenth century (Chitranshi, 2009). 1.2 Aims and Objectives The researcher here aims to understand the concept of Russian folk dance and the reason for conversion of this into Russian Ballet dance. While the objective of this study is to analyse the concept of folk dance in Russia and various types of Russian dances which are famous in the country. 1.3 Research Questions In order to attain aims and objectives of the research, researcher has designed below stated research questions:- What are the various forms of folk dance in Russia? What is the history attached with Russian folk dance? How did Russian folk dance transformed to Ballet dance? How the dance, as source of entertainment had converted into professional dance? Who are the famous people linked to Russian folk and Ballet dance? 1.4 Russian ballet The actual ballet dance did not invent in Russia but the country has contributed very much for its development and currently Russian ballet has gained popularity all over the world. Various ballet dance performers along with the ballet companies have raised out of Russia and ballet theatres are attracting people in larger number. Ballet came into Russia during 1700s and in 1734, first ballet school was introduced (AlbrÑ–ght DanÑ–Ã Ã‚ µl 2004). After few years, an imperial school of St. Petersburg found first Ballet Company in Russia. It was first dominated by Italian and Russian dances as well as chorographers. In 1800s Russias Ballet dance incorporated some ideas from folk dancing. The higher class people did not increase and promote the art by supporting some companies. The French choreographer named as Marius Petipa and he was renowned for inventing ballet of Tchaikovsky. Russian ballet took place and observed in new era in the 20th century. It has been id entified in previous studies that Michel Fokine (choreographer), Vaslav Nijinksy (dancer), Sergey Diaghilev and Alexandre Benois (designer) set up the ballet company in Russia. At that point of time, superb dancer Anna Pavlova was taking the place. At present Russian ballet is known throughout the world and attracting lots of visitors. There is several ballet companies are operated in Russia such as Kremlin Ballet, Perm ballet and Imperial Russian ballet academy. The well known cities have established their own ballet orchestras and theatres and that are focused by number of supporters. The role of Russian ballet to the classical dances cannot be undervalued. It has been known from past many decades and considered as the indicator of the classical dance. It leads other type of dances. Young girls are becoming ballerinas and their dreams have been powered by the famous Russian dancers. Thus Russian ballet dance has captivated large number of audiences all around the globe. 1.5 Contribution of choreographers 1.5.1 Vaslav Nijinsky This choreographer is renowned as the male dancer of all times and he has also called the god of dance (Parker and Derek, 1988). After the long time of female dominance in the field of ballet, he overtook the ballet dancers of those times such as Pavlova, Karsavina and Kschà Ã‚ µssÑ–nska established superiority in the within the male dance stage in twentieth century. His career in the ballet dance field has ended from past ten years due to his mental disease. But legendary of Nijinsky will continue until the appearance of such type personality who will overtake the ballet generation. Pole became the hero of an imperial Maryinsky theatre just after completing his studies from St. Petersburg school at the age of 18 years. He was the inspiration for the ballets in the western side. Then Fokine invented ballets for Nijinsky and other people like Ravel, Debussy and Stravinsky prepared music for him (AlbrÑ–ght, DanÑ–Ã Ã‚ µl 2004). At the time of First World War, Nijinsky as a Russian citizen was interned in Hungry. Diaghilev got success in getting him out of the country for the purpose to visit North American tour in 1916 and then he choreographed his main part in Till Eulenspiegel. Indicators of dementia praecox became clear for the members of the company and then became sacred of other dancers (Anthony, 2002). The first ballet of Nijinsky named as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“LAprÃÆ' ¨s-mÑ–dÑ– dun Faunà Ã‚ µÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? has become a milestone within the history of ballet Russes of Diaghilev. That ballet was marked near to the period in which Fokine was the biggest dancer. Thus the dancer Nijinsky emerged as a choreographer and his thoughts stimulated the doubts raised by Diaghilev and it ran contradictory to the classical folk dances of Russia. The production of first ballet was totally based some choreographic scores and they were recorded by Nijinsky in his dance entry system. It remained for many years and he became unavailable due to his mental illness for reproducing the work. 1.5.2 Michel Fokine Michel Fokine got training from the Imperial school in St. Petersburg and then he joined Ballet Russes of Diaghilev in 1909. Then he went to United States in the year 1923 where he performed for the American Ballet theatre and Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo. Fokine considered some artificial as well as random traditions along with the methods and techniques for expressive and natural choreographic styles. This style is known as the recurrent topic in the field of ballet dance. His new ideas and thoughts led the success of the Diaghilev Company. He choreographed so many ballets and Chopiniana that led Balanchine for trying the ballets which became his brand name. The classical ballet dance or folk dance has become unlimited since the days of Fokine and the people thinks that his choreography is old fashioned. So his ballets remained unproductive and suffered from deformation. He was surprised and shocked that it would happen in his career (Michel Fokine, 2011). 1.5.3 Petipa along with the Russian Ballet Marius Petipa was the leading dancer and the choreographer along with the ballet of St. Petersburg in the year 1962. At that time he invented multi- acted ballet for the imperial theatre of Tsar. That ballet gave directions to other ballets and it was considered as classical ballet. In 1869, Petipa took the position of the master of ballet to the Tsars imperial theatre. Then he created so many single and multi act ballets for the presentation on the Russian stages. Then he created and developed Don Quixote type for the ballet in Moscow. He choreographed large number of dances along with numerous types of ballets. 1.6 Russian Ballet Pushkin The present days consider importance of Russian ballet at quite a notable rate. Bolshoi and Maryinsky are among the most renowned companies and training schools for teaching of ballet. These are well known all across the world for their remarkable practices. It is appreciable to note that the tradition of Russia is into existence even in present era. The firmness among dancers and choreographers along with the support by audience has resulting in attainment of this position. However, the past of virile nature represents the main factor for survival of this dance. The ballet of Russia was imported from France though; it admiringly attained its own position in the culture and dance. The dancers and choreographers of Russia considered themselves as equivalent to that of Western countries. However, Alexander Pushkin was the main cause for writing style by Russia. The involvement of this man had resulted in portrayal of characters and story telling by utilizing themes of Russia that fits with the stage and survived for more than two centuries for Russian ballet. Western Europe was the main contributor to Russian ballet dance since the nineteenth century. However, the end of nineteenth century has resulted in formation of Russian ballet dance that differentiates itself from all over the world and become a leader in the arena. Didelot, the person well known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Russian Ballets fatherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Steinberg, 1980), in the year 1816 along with explored Pushkin also termed as talent at local level, Russia started making strides for development of its unique form of ballet dance. There was overlap between the Didelot and Pushkins era at St Petersburg for Imperial ballet. In comparison to the ballet dance of Western European countries, ballet dance of Russia lied far behind in the field of art. Talented Didelot along with Pushkin had resulted in foundation of unique dance of Russian ballet. In spite of the reason that these two individuals were not able to see the domination of Russian ballet, but they deserved appreciation for their efforts. The main characteristics for Russian ballet include as follows (Nickles Kalman, 2008):- There is an opposition existing between gender and nationality. Here nationality means the Western European and Russian region. Storys location for Russians Music composition of Russians Attitude against nation to reflect work of individuals. Unique dancing steps supported by choreography illustrating special characteristics for Russian dancing. On unfolding the ballet dance of Russia, the efforts by Pushkin in his development is influenced. The composition of music and theatrical efforts had been quite unique in Russia due to the talent of Pushkin. On combining these aspects, there raised development in new arenas. The effect of Pushkin to develop Russian opera finally resulted in improvement of Russian ballet. The ballet is usually dependent on music for most of the countries. However, as per Slominsky (1947) stated that there exists strong relationship between these characteristics. The experiments by Pushkin along with the fresh rhythm had resulted in creation of challenging situation among composers. As per Gerald Abraham, the Russians in this century enjoyed favourable time due to better lyrics in spite of pseudo classicism related to Derzhavin that are related to love poems resulting in new song in Russian for Pushkin (Abraham, 1985). However, this was inspiring to note for the dancers and choreographers. The influence by Pushkin allowed in recognizing ballet of Russian for recognition of unique genera and not the import of talent belonging to different countries. The influence of Pushkin had helped in influencing the Russian ballet dance to be recognized all over the world with own image. The influence of Pushkin and Didelot had resulted in enhancing history of Russia to provide a strong background for artistic power. The involvement of Soviet along with arts had resulted in better improved arts. The companies created in Russia, by imperial decree had gained favour from government to result in better learning experience. This had resulted in giving an opportunity along with the challenge. The support by two companies had further resulted in higher value of material found and helps in improvement of opportunities for research, but shall be well defined to ensure that there is no conflicting situation. Chapter 2- Literature Review 2.1 Soviet Union and Folk Dance The Soviet Union concerns for the study of folk dance as an important arena in addition to drama art and music. However, there was lack of recording that would have helped the dancers to develop their skills (Blacking Kealiinohomoku, 1979). Prior to the revolution, there was no focus laid on folk dance. An individual needs to be aware of choreography, philology in addition to musical folklore (Blacking Kealiinohomoku, 1979). Lack of recording system resulted in not availability of recording for choreography. The history of folk dancing in Soviet has been into existence from the 1920s to 1930s (Blacking Kealiinohomoku, 1979). The composers from Ukraine had been involved in this arena and the country was among those who started this concept of folk dance earliest among Soviet Union. The efforts by cultural groups have resulted in good collection of wide range of roles from all across (Bukland, 2007). After the formulation of Russia, the country was left with two choices: outward choice to follow western tradition, and inward trend to follow their culture and tradition (Schultz, 2000). That had raised the urge to have a thorough plan in such a manner that there exists a good balance between the two. The ballet present at St. Petersburg had been considered as Bolshoi too. The development of Maryinsky theatre at St. Petersburg in 1860s followed by the imperial ballet that performed at new theatre in the year 1889, and the company was named as Maryinsky Ballet Company. Thereafter, the name of ballet at St. Petersburg was changed due to the assassination by Sergei Kirov in the year 1934. Thereafter, Soviet Politburo was favoured for replacement of Josef Stalin. There was the opposition for Kirov, by left opposition party (Treadgold, 1995). Renamed ballet institutions had been compounded due to imperial city for Soviets. The ideology from patrons had acted against Russian ballet, and that raised the concept of training of dancers for demonstrating the Bolshoi Theatre and Maryinsky. The seats were restricted for higher official authorities. The subject however had to face censorship resulting in ballet dance as being quite conservative (Dees, 2004). That acted against the introduction of this form of dance as a professional business. Individuals willing to carry on the operation for their profession had to face this as the major barrier against growth of industry and individuals attached with it. However, there still persisted the importance for all the ballet training centres. Moscow Company was among the famous training centres for the name of step child in the end of 19th century. Talented pool of people gathered at Petersburg however due focus was laid on Maryinsky Theatre. This was the main cause of Petersburg Company leading quite ahead of Bolshoi Company and resulted in its brand value in European context (Bailey Ivanova, 1999). Regulating institutions too became an uneven situation. The Bolshoi Ballet was not as tough to be carried on as compared to Maryinsky Ballet. Therefore, the latter had to make available all the resources along with the support provided by imperial court. Therefore, Bolshoi court enjoyed freedom of art. That was too tough to find out when the ballet dance in Russian context came to be known all around the world. The native dancers had to be well renowned at that instance to bring awareness among the genera. The dancer named as Theophile Gautier at St. Petersburg, belonging to Imperial school had stated that the institution of dance results into remarkable group of soloists, incepting the corps for ballet which was same as for movement speed, precision, and unity. That was the moment of joy for the group to disband the right moment for reforming in quite a unique manner. The movement of those feet in perfect manner with proper match among the group, without any confusing stage were the causes of this success. The laughter and chattering were never there. The pantomime for dumb with no action, had the frame as per Lifar (1954), and his studies. That was the unique form of Russian ballet dance for executing during the mid of 19th century. Additionally, the starting of 1844 was the time when ballet dancers of Russia got trained at their place to start formation in West Europe for applauds. Though the dancers were applauded both at national and international level, non Russian choreographers belonging to different locations had formed the dancing groups. Number of dance historians at those times stated that the ballets of Russia are not too different than those of French ballets for the Northern wind (Lifar, 1954). Additionally, the researcher had pointed that the dancers of Russia get training and learning from outside sources. The choreography training in Russia too was not of good standard. Therefore, the training and development was though noted in the country for Russian folk dance followed by the ballet dance, there still lacks the trainers. In case there would have been good number of trainers in the country, there can be improvement in ballet dancers of Russia. The Russian dancers were one or the other way linked to non native place (Lifar, 1954). The learning from those locations results into convergence among Russians including Pushkin, various choreographers and composers for establishment of Russian ballet. There raises the importance to make an effort to improve the chronological sequence for ballets in Russia. There need to be a strong link between the choreographer, composer and writer. For this purpose, ballet dancers had to be compared with that of western counterparts to compare and contrast relationship between the two. Charles Didelot was among the most famous choreographers in his times and was in link with Pushkin. However, previous ballet dancers too had worked to explore the poems of Pushkin to develop ballet dance. 2.2 Isadora Duncan dance: the revolution of an artist in Russia Isadora Duncan dance is known as revolutionary person of modern type of dances who made the first Russian show or presentation in the year 1905 in St. Petersburg at the Marinsky theatre. That was the time making event that had changed the grand Russian ballet tradition. Serge Diaghileff was the founder of the ballet Russe and he told about Isadora that she have given the permanent shock to classical Russian ballet dance and she had pointed the ways which were followed by them (Netti et al., 1991). Then Isadora returned to Russia for six times in her life time and found inspiration of the Russian workers. It has been revealed in the researches that after several years, the people will make the professional as well as personal journey in the country to bring the gift of American Duncan dance to the Russian people or dancers and also they will find that what would be remained within the art of Isadora in modern St. Petersburg. CEC international partners which is a Russian company and it sponsors for an artistic exchange between Eastern and Central Europe. Isadora established a training school in Moscow by getting invitation from the commissioner of people who made efforts for brining art in front of the people. An ideology of Soviet anti-capitalistic requested to disappointment of Duncan with the millionaires in America who failed to fund the schools in Germany, France and Greece (Lomax, 1959). There was little stability within the training for current dancers outside the world of ballet of the Bolshoi and Kirov. From past so many decades, after the communism, an imitation of modern dance has been seen. It was the work of Martha and Graham and her European contemporaries along with the training in Jazz. The dance of Isadora Duncan has brought together another dancers named as Michelle Vazquez Kickasola (Ivette Sotomayer and Cuban American) are elevated in Miami where the Cuban community acts as anti communist party. There were bothered about the choreography of red tunic dances to the red army songs and that may be disgusting for the people who have reformed themselves in the Russian countries in twenty first century (Hilton, Alison, 1995). It has been viewed that so many people have learned the dance as well music being as the main part for their history. Number of old people from independent states like Uzbekistan and Georgia has lamented the lives of people economically and politically under the communism. 2.3 Ballet dance of Ludwig Minkus Ludwig Minkus was one of the biggest musical composers in the mysteries. He was having powerful posts in the imperial ballet theatres in Russia in the nineteenth century. He was known as an antecedent of Tchaikovsky but he was delicate being as a musician. Despite the obscurity, Minkus can never be forgotten. In early 1990s, the imperfection by Natalia Makarova and Rudolf Nureyev, the name of Minkus began to go outside again. Then Richard prepared the ballet recordings that presented some dumpy passages from the Minkus work and thus it provided surprising and wonderful things. From past so many decades, the words came to know about the music of Minkus and it was the traditional part in Soviet Union. That was linked with the legendary of ballet master, named as Marius Petipa. These works such as La Bayadere and Don Quixote were the two choreographers who carried by some valid protection from eighteenth century to the present day (Corona, 1991). They were presented first time to the pe ople all over the world. To ignore the expression of regret, the ballet was proved as successful. That success was consolidated and now it has been carried out by many companies from the federation of Russia. Thus it has resulted into the transformation of old ballets to new type of ballet. The success of these ballets with other types of ballets has laid within the power of score for bringing the emotions of the people and dance of life. Thus Minkus neither published nor revised but played several arrangements that have become very popular in all over the world. It needs a new life for the people who had given up the hopes of their lives. The musical power and authority of ballet has become surprising for the people. These ballet stories has the real power and human demand in which the choreography attracts the esteem of Balletomanes, attracts music in its regularity, the beauty of the music keeps the attention of many people and it engages everyones heart. Don Quixote is a comedy and known as one of the most touching novels in the world and it is about the beauty among the ordinary things. La Bayadere is a tragedy that keeps an eye on the sorrows of people in case of love with full of passion, unfaithfulness, separation and death. It talks about the two things together shows a satisfying symmetry. The ability of the musician responds to the effectiveness of both the sides such as dark and light of the human being touches the main demand of the drama. The life of Minkus and the compositions of ballets and the works are poorly diagnosed and documented, thus the proper and right investigation is needed for them to explo re the historical and critical material. The studies provided the help of George Verdak of Indianapolis and it made the copes of this material from the collected ballet scores. It continued by his inheritor before her death. Some major contributions gave by a professor who made scores of La Bayadere. 2.4 Partnership with Marius Petipa The rich success of his work of Don Quixote have taken a part as a major step in the career of Minkus and his first appointment at the imperial Russian theatre in St. Petersburg in the year 1872 as the first court composer of ballet (Degh, Linda, 1965). The death of other choreographer named as Pugni led Minkus to take his place. He became responsible for musical devices as well as library in the Bolshoi theatre. Then he was told to compose music for ballet dance for the opera Mlada. It was commissioned by the director of imperial theatre. Then the projects was ended, Minkus revised prolonged his materials after some years for the development of ballet. That was followed by ballet one after another and Minkus appeared at the Maryinsky and Bolshoi theatre and it was all the choreography of Petipa. The researches have revealed that between the year1869 and 1886, Petipa generated only 4-8 ballets without composing any music by Minkus and that was the important partnership of these two a rtists. Chapter 3- Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction The chapter here explores research methodology used to complete this dissertation. Researcher explores the type of study undertaken at this instance and the approach used for analysing results. The researcher also explores the type of data used in the research and the approach used for the dissertation. The researcher has also explored aims and objectives of the research followed by research questions to achieve these. 3.2 Aims and Objectives The researcher here aims to understand the concept of Russian folk dance and the reason for conversion of this into Russian Ballet dance. While the objective of this study is to analyse the concept of folk dance in Russia and various types of Russian dances which are famous in the country. 3.3 Research questions In order to attain aims and objectives of the research, researcher has designed below stated research questions:- What are the various forms of folk dance in Russia? What is the history attached with Russian folk dance? How did Russian folk dance transformed to Ballet dance? How the dance, as source of entertainment had converted into professional dance? Who are the famous people linked to Russian folk and Ballet dance? 3.4 Paradigm for Research For this research, researcher has used interpretative approach for research. Therefore, the interpretations acted as the main source for data analysis. In addition to this, the descriptive nature of approach was used for research purpose. Researcher has made an effort to collect secondary data from various sources to have a clear thought process for the subject under study. The folk dance in Russia, right from its history to present times is analysed. Various famous personalities were also covered in the research to understand the philosophical approach in the country. Although it is preferred by researchers such as Richards Hall (2000) to collect both primary and secondary data while carrying on the research process, secondary data was chosen hereon by the researcher due to complexity attached with primary data collection approach. Collection of primary data would have added too much to the complexity of this project. First of all, researcher had a clear understanding of the research topic to understand all the concepts related with Russian folk dance. This helped in designing clear aims and objectives of the research. Thereafter, secondary data was analysed further to formulate the dissertation sections and integrate them well to ensure the logical flow of discussion. Then researcher had made an effort to attain the aims and objectives of research by answering research questions. This helped in final conclusion to demonstrate the findings. 3. 5 Research Strategy Used The researcher has made use of case study as research strategy by designing of complete research process. This helped in clearly defining research problems that relate with the subject under study. The use of case study helped in gaining solution for the research. This had helped in acting as main cause for decision making stage to attain the aims and objectives of research. Theories related to folk and ballet dance of Russia were discussed to have a sound understanding of the subject under study. Therefore, case study was taken as a favourable approach for determining the research and evaluating it thoroughly (Robert, 2003). This approach helps in analysing results based on the theoretical framework prepared for the research. Case study is used widely as per researchers such as Robert (2003) to analyse the outcomes due to high reliability and consistency associated with the concept. These help in exploratory study of the subject topic using numerous case studies for using the replication process to analyse based on the theory collected (Yin, 1994). The conceptual methods have been explored well through the use of case study method to analyse the results (Yin, 1994). Through case study method, theoretical background of folk dance in Russia would be created to know about the existence of this traditional approach, which had resulted in Ballet dance introduction and the conversion of dance into professional dance. Therefore, case study seems to be the reliable tool for getting results within short span of time. This would also help the researcher to get rid of any sort of biasness due to different beliefs. 3.6 Method to Collect Data For this research purpose, researcher has taken secondary data as the choice. Number of books, and magazines were referred along with journals and various internet sources. These would help in formulation of strong base to carry out research process. The results would be obtained thoroughly through this strategy to attain outcomes.

The Prince Essay -- essays research papers

The Prince   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Governing countries and states properly has been a difficult task from the beginning of time. In every country there will be people to who are unhappy and will disagree with your rule, causing your system to fail. So, century after century, people have tried new ways to make their politics suffice everyone’s needs. However, the art of politics is a complicated and challenging issue that will always be needed to be dealt with. There have been many ways in which people have preached their ideas on politics, but none were better than those of Niccolo Machiavelli. Born in 1469, Niccolo was adamant in creating a master plan for seizing and controlling power. He voiced these themes on what it takes to be a prince of a state in his magnificent book, The Prince. In his book many themes were expressed in order to fulfill the role of a prince. These themes ranged from human nature to military force and most importantly virtue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Machavelli believed that the state is the highest achievement of man and one should love the state more than his own soul. Being the perfect prince is clearly a difficult task, but if done correctly, it can be very rewarding. Machiavelli also believed that human nature does not change. In general Machiavelli thought people were ungrateful, selfish, and insincere people, who only care about themselves. Therefore the government must take account for man’s true nature and use his qualities for its purposes. Machiavelli also explained that a ruler who intends to be successful must be prepared to do bad things when necessary. He must sometimes caress, sometimes hurt, sometimes forgive, and sometimes punish. This requirement must override all moral judgments, and when making the decision, the ruler must act without hesitation. Hesitation would project â€Å"false wisdom†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another, and probably the most important concept of political success is the idea of virtue. Virtue means strength, intelligence, and courage, the necessary qualities of any human being. Machiavelli felt that the quality of virtue was found in some of the world’s most important leaders; Moses, Cyrus, and Romulus to name a few. Governments ruled by an individual depends upon this leaders virtue. Without it, the political success will crumble.   Ã‚  &... ...felt it was necessary to study history. This way he can focus on successful rulers’ victories and defeats and analyze them for his own well being. Alexander the Great studied and imitated the rule of Achilles and went on to become one of the most successful rulers ever. Machiavelli felt that these were necessary means in becoming a successful ruler. He also felt fortifications had little importance, stating â€Å"the best fortress is to be found in the love of the people†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince, we have read numerous aspects of becoming an effective and successful ruler. He focused on all aspects of life and discussed each in great detail. He studied human nature, fortune, military tactics, virtue, and personal qualities of past rulers and analyzed why each one’s rule collapsed. He found out the ruler with both the lion and the fox qualities, he was able to have a successful rule. Machiavelli was creating some sort of machine that would be able to conquer fortune, human nature, conspiracies, battle, and the test of to time to rule a politically unified Italy. The themes in The Prince have changed views on politics and leadership to this day.

Historical Evolution and Development of the Various Mass Media

Throughout history there have been several factors that contributed to the historical evolution and development of the various mass media in the United States. Print, broadcast, and electronic media have changed drastically since man was first introduced to them. The speed of these changes are occurring more rapidly now, altering the different forms of media along with it. Though these changes have brought forth many benefits, a few negative impacts have been brought along as well. Print media has been used by people to spread information for centuries, dating all the way back to 59 B.C. by Julius Caesar. Caesar created the â€Å"newspaper† to tell the public about important events. During this time news was written on large white boards, which were located in places where people would usually go. Later the Chinese created the first hand-written newspapers. In 1447, Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press. Gutenberg’s creation made the exchange of people’s i deas much easier. Newspapers did not start having publications on a regular basis until the beginning of the 17th century. Print media completely transformed after the creation of the telegraph in 1844.Then finally in the 19th century, newspapers have became the primary source of news. Since the introduction of broadcast media in the 1900’s, print media has had to reevaluate their position as an information provider. Broadcasting media started with wireless telegraphy which was dots and dashes carried by radio transmissions. Audio broadcasting services that traveled through radio waves sent from a transmitter to an antenna became very popular quickly. People all across the world tuned into their radios regularly to hear current events.Television eventually began to take the place of radio in the 1950’s. During the cold war, shortwave broadcasting played an important role in keeping people informed. FM radio changed younger Americans interest in radio in the 1970â€℠¢s. Many stations would play entire record albums instead of just the top songs. In the 2000’s digital radio and satellite broadcasting became extremely popular. Electronic media is a form of media that uses electronics or electromechanical energy in order for its viewer to receive the content.Electronic media sources most commonly used by most people are audio and video recordings, multimedia and slide presentations, disk, and online content. The newest and most common form of electric media is in the form of digital media. The rise in electronic media can be dated back to the 1960’s. In 1968, the U. S. Department of Defense created a network to where different computers could communicate with one another. A student at the University of Minnesota developed the internet years later. The Web included images, audio and video features, and hypertext links.People can gain unlimited sources of information whenever and whenever through the internet. In the early 1990’ s local and national newspapers became based online. By the early 2000’s most magazines were even located online. Now, electronic media has almost completely taken the place of print media. In my opinion, broadcast media tends to have a uniting influence and it also niches audiences based on demographic consumer needs. People begin to feel a connection with the individuals they watch on television or regularly hear on the radio.This connection makes that or those particular individuals opinion have as huge impact on most of their viewers. MSNBC is known for being more democratic in nature, using social networks as an outlet to promote its cultural hegemony. Broadcasting medias such as MSNBC, Fox News, and PBS are visibly more diversity exemplified as opposed to other stations. They focus on politics and are mainly just concerned with showing their belief in a positive light, while putting a negative spin on other beliefs. Americans should be concerned about this, because it i nfluences people on terms that may not be truthful.Strategies media professionals from different industries have historically used to adapt to societal and technical changes include changing from print media to being online based, business developing pages on social networks, and interacting with its viewers. Certain changes have been made by the different forms of media in order to keep up with the latest trends in technology. I believe in the future, print media will be extinct and electronic media will be the main and maybe even only form of media.When attempting to prosper in the American marketplace, media professionals face the challenges of keeping up with the growing requirement for owners of content to arrange multi-format content in order to fully maximize new forms of digital technology. Legal challenges media professionals face include privacy, advertising, agreement terms, security concerns, and ensuring people with disabilities are able to access their content. In conc lusion, several events have had to take place in order for our several medias to be where they are today.This paper displayed some of the influences broadcasting and print media had on people. Print media has been used to spread information to people since the B. C. years. Digital media had virtually taken the place of print media, causing a drastic decrease in actual newspapers making them and magazines mainly online based. Electronic media continues to dominate all other forms of media and appears to grow even more powerful throughout the years.WORKS CITED Barber, Phil. â€Å"A Brief History of Newspapers†, Historic Newspapers and Early Imprints. 2002. . Bethelsen, John. Internet Hacks: Web News Cashes In†. Asia Times Online, April 2003. . B. L. Yates, . â€Å"History of Broadcast media. † . N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Apr 2012. . Mathew, Roy. â€Å"Technology Advances in Journalism. † Cyber Journalist: Technology, Tools, Ethics. N. p. , 25 S. Web. 15 Apr 2012 . Middleberg, Donald & Ross, Steven. (March 1996). â€Å"The Media in Cyberspace. † Paper delivered at Columbia University. â€Å"Newspapers: A brief history. † World Association of Newspapers. N. p. , 2004. Web. 15 Apr 2012. . â€Å"Newspapers: The Continent† Columbia Encyclopedia, 6 Ed. , 2003.

Zimmermann Telegram in World War I

Zimmermann Telegram in World War I The Zimmermann Telegram was a diplomatic note sent by the German Foreign Office to Mexico in January 1917 which proposed a military alliance between the two nations should the United States enter World War I (1914-1918) on the side of the Allies. In return for the alliance, Mexico would receive financial assistance from Germany as well as could reclaim territory lost during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) (1846-1848). The Zimmermann Telegram was intercepted and decoded by the British who in turn shared it with the United States. The release of the telegram in March further inflamed the American public and contributed to the American declaration of war the following month. Background In 1917, As World War I ground on, Germany began assessing options for striking a decisive blow. Unable to break the British blockade of the North Sea with its surface fleet, the German leadership elected to return to a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. This approach, whereby German U-boats would attack merchant shipping without warning, had been briefly used in 1916 but was abandoned after strong protests by the United States. Believing that Britain could be quickly crippled if its supply lines to North America were severed, Germany prepared to re-implement this approach effective February 1, 1917. Concerned that the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare could bring the United States into the war on the side of the Allies, Germany began making contingency plans for this possibility. To this end, German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann was instructed to seek a military alliance with Mexico in the event of war with the United States. In return for attacking the United States, Mexico was promised the return of territory lost during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), including Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, as well as substantial financial assistance. German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann. Public Domain Transmission As Germany lacked a direct telegraph line to North America, the Zimmermann Telegram was transmitted over American and British lines. This was permitted as President Woodrow Wilson allowed the Germans to transmit under the cover of U.S. diplomatic traffic in hopes that he could remain in touch with Berlin and broker a lasting peace. Zimmermann sent the original coded message to Ambassador Johann von Bernstorff on January 16, 1917. Receiving the telegram, he forwarded it on to Ambassador Heinrich von Eckardt in Mexico City via commercial telegraph three days later. Mexican Response After reading the message, von Eckardt approached the government of President Venustiano Carranza with the terms. He also asked Carranza to aid in forming an alliance between Germany and Japan. Listening to the German proposal, Carranza instructed his military to determine the feasibility of the offer. In assessing a possible war with the United States, the military determined that it largely lacked the capability to re-take the lost territories and that German financial assistance would be useless as the United States was the only significant arms producer in the Western Hemisphere. President Venustiano Carranza of Mexico. Public Domain Furthermore, additional arms could not be imported as the British controlled the sea lanes from Europe. As Mexico was emerging from a recent civil war, Carranza sought to improve relations with the United States as well as other nations in the region such as Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. As a result, it was determined to decline the German offer. An official response was issued to Berlin on April 14, 1917, stating that Mexico had no interest in allying with the German cause. British Interception As the ciphertext of the telegram was transmitted through Britain, it was immediately intercepted by British code breakers who were monitoring traffic originating in Germany. Sent to the Admiraltys Room 40, code breakers found that it was encrypted in cipher 0075, which they had partially broken. Decoding parts of the message, they were able to develop an outline of its content. Realizing that they possessed a document that could compel the United State to join the Allies, the British set about developing a plan that would allow them to unveil the telegram without giving away that they were reading neutral diplomatic traffic or that they had broken German codes. To deal with the first issue, they were able to correctly guess that the telegram was sent over commercial wires from Washington to Mexico City. In Mexico, British agents were able to obtain a copy of the ciphertext from the telegraph office. This was encrypted in cipher 13040, which the British had captured a copy of in the Middle East. As a result, by mid-February, British authorities had the complete text of the telegram. To deal with the code breaking issue, the British publicly lied and claimed they had been able to steal a decoded copy of the telegram in Mexico. They ultimately alerted the Americans to their code breaking efforts and Washington elected to back the British cover story. On February 19, 1917, Admiral Sir William Hall, the head of Room 40, presented a copy of the telegram to the secretary of the U.S. Embassy, Edward Bell.​​ Stunned, Hall initially believed the telegram to be a forgery but passed it on to Ambassador Walter Hines Page the next day. On February 23, Page met with Foreign Minister Arthur Balfour and was shown the original ciphertext as well as the message in both German and English. The next day, the telegram and verifying details were presented to Wilson. Ambassador Walter Hines Page. Library of Congress American Response News of the Zimmermann Telegram was quickly released and stories about its contents appeared in the American press on March 1. While pro-German and anti-war groups claimed that it was a forgery, Zimmermann confirmed the telegrams contents on March 3 and March 29. Further inflaming the American public, which was angered over the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare (Wilson broke diplomatic relations with Germany on February 3 over this issue) and the sinking SS Houstonic (February 3) and SS California (February 7), the telegram further pushed the nation towards war. On April 2, Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany. This was granted four days later and the United States entered the conflict. Zimmermann Telegram in World War I The Zimmermann Telegram was a note sent in 1917 from the German Foreign Minister Zimmermann to his ambassador in Mexico, containing details of a proposed alliance against America; it was intercepted and published, strengthening US public support for war against Germany as part of World War One. The Background By 1917 the conflict we call The First World War had been raging for over two years, drawing in troops from Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, and Australasia, although the main battles were in Europe. The main belligerents were, on one side, the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires (the Central Powers) and, on the other, the British, French and Russian Empires (the Entente or Allies). The war had been expected to last just a few months in 1914, but the conflict had dragged on in a stalemate of trenches and massive death tolls, and all sides in the war were looking for any advantage they could gain. The Zimmermann Telegram Sent through a supposedly secure channel devoted to peace negotiations (a transatlantic cable belonging to Scandinavia) on January 19th, 1917, the Zimmermann Telegram – often called the Zimmermann Note - was a memo sent from the German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German Ambassador to Mexico. It informed the ambassador that Germany would be resuming its policy of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (USW) and, crucially, ordered him to propose an alliance. If Mexico would join in a war against the US, they would be rewarded with financial support and re-conquered land in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The ambassador was also to ask the Mexican President to propose his own alliance to Japan, a member of the Allies. Why Did Germany Send the Zimmermann Telegram? Germany had already stopped and started USW - a program of sinking any shipping coming near their enemies in an attempt to starve them of food and materials - because of fierce US opposition. Americas official neutrality involved trading with all belligerents, but in practice, this meant the Allies and their Atlantic coastlines rather than Germany, who suffered from a British blockade. Consequently, US shipping was frequently a victim. In practice, the US was giving the UK aid which had prolonged the war. The German high command knew renewed USW would probably cause the US to declare war on them, but they gambled on shutting Britain down before an American army could arrive in force. The alliance with Mexico and Japan, as proposed in the Zimmermann Telegram, was intended to create a new Pacific and Central American Front, greatly distracting the US and aiding the German war effort. Indeed, after USW resumed the US severed diplomatic relations with Germany and began debating an entry into the war. The Leak However, the secure channel wasnt secure at all: British intelligence intercepted the telegram and, recognizing the effect it would have on US public opinion, released it to America on February 24th, 1917. Some accounts claim the US State Department was also illegally monitoring the channel; either way, US President Wilson saw the note on the 24th. It was released to the world press on March 1st. Reactions to the Zimmermann Telegram Mexico and Japan immediately denied having anything to do with the proposals (indeed, the Mexican President was content at a recent American withdrawal from his country and Germany could offer little beyond moral support), while Zimmermann admitted the Telegrams authenticity on March 3rd. It had often been asked why Zimmermann came right out and fully admitted things instead of pretending otherwise. Despite Germanys complaint that the Allies had been wiretapping secure peace networks, the US public - still concerned at Mexicos intentions following trouble between the two - was aghast. A vast majority reacted to both the Note, and weeks of growing anger at USW, by backing war against Germany. However, the note itself did not provoke the US into joining the war. Things might have stayed as they were, but then Germany made the mistake which cost them the war and restarted Unrestricted Submarine Warfare again. When the American Congress approved Wilsons decision to declare war on April 6th in reaction to this, there was just 1 vote against. Full Text of The Zimmermann Telegram On the first of February, we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America. If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement. You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan. Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months. Zimmerman (Sent January 19, 1917)

Behistun Inscription - Message to the Persian Empire

Behistun Inscription - Message to the Persian Empire The Behistun inscription (also spelled Bisitun or Bisotun and typically abbreviated as DB for Darius Bisitun) is a 6th century BCE Persian Empire carving. The ancient billboard includes four panels of cuneiform writing around a set of three-dimensional figures, cut deep into a limestone cliff. The figures are carved 300 feet (90 meters) above the Royal Road of the Achaemenids, known today as the Kermanshah-Tehran highway in Iran. Fast Facts: Behistun Steel Name of Work:  Behistun InscriptionArtist or Architect: Darius the Great, ruled 522–486 BCEStyle/Movement: Parallel CuneiformTextPeriod: Persian EmpireHeight: 120 feetWidth: 125 feetType of Work: Carved inscriptionCreated/Built: 520–518 BCEMedium: Carved Limestone BedrockLocation: Near Bisotun, IranOffbeat Fact: The earliest known example of political propagandaLanguages: Old Persian, Elamite, Akkadian The carving is located near the town of Bisotun, Iran, about 310 miles (500 kilometers) from Tehran and about 18 mi (30 km) from Kermanshah. The figures show the crowned Persian king Darius I stepping on Guatama (his predecessor and rival) and nine rebel leaders standing before him connected by ropes around their necks. The figures measures some 60x10.5 ft (18x3.2 m) and the four panels of text more than double the overall size, creating an irregular rectangle of approximately 200x120 ft (60x35 m), with the lowest part of the carving some 125 ft (38 m) above the road. Behistun Text The writing on the Behistun inscription, like the Rosetta Stone, is a parallel text, a type of linguistic text that consists of two or more strings of written language placed alongside each other so they can be easily compared. The Behistun inscription is recorded in three different languages: in this case, cuneiform versions of Old Persian, Elamite, and a form of Neo-Babylonian called Akkadian. Like the Rosetta Stone, the Behistun text greatly assisted in the decipherment of those ancient languages: the inscription includes the earliest known use of Old Persian, a sub-branch of Indo-Iranian. A version of the Behistun inscription written in Aramaic (the same language of the Dead Sea Scrolls) was discovered on a papyrus scroll in Egypt, probably written during the early years of the reign of Darius II, about a century after the DB was carved into the rocks. See Tavernier (2001) for more specifics about the Aramaic script. Royal Propaganda The text of the Behistun inscription describes the early military campaigns of the Achaemenid rule King Darius I (522–486 BCE). The inscription, carved shortly after Dariuss accession to the throne between 520 and 518 BCE, give autobiographical, historical, royal and religious information about Darius: the Behistun text is one of several pieces of propaganda establishing Dariuss right to rule. The text also includes Dariuss genealogy, a list of the ethnic groups subject to him, how his accession occurred, several failed revolts against him, a list of his royal virtues, instructions to future generations and how the text was created.   So, What Does it Mean? Most scholars agree that the Behistun inscription is a bit of political bragging. Dariuss main purpose was to establish the legitimacy of his claim to Cyrus the Greats throne, to which he had no blood connection. Other bits of Dariuss braggadocio are found in others of these trilingual passages, as well as big architectural projects at Persepolis and Susa, and the burial places of Cyrus at Pasargadae and his own at Naqsh-i-Rustam. Historian Jennifer Finn (2011) noted that the location of the cuneiform is too far above the road to be read, and few people were likely literate in any language anyway when the inscription was made. She suggests that the written portion was meant not only for public consumption but that there was likely a ritual component, that the text was a message to the cosmos about the king. Translations and Interpretations Henry Rawlinson is credited with the first successful translation in English, scrambling up the cliff in 1835, and publishing his text in 1851. The 19th-century Persian scholar Mohammad Hasan Khan Etemad al-Saltaneh (1843–96) published the first Persian translation of the Behistun translation. He noted but disputed the then-current idea that Darius or Dara might have been matched to King Lohrasp of the Zoroastrian religious and Persian epic traditions.   Israeli historian Nadav Naaman has suggested (2015) that the Behistun inscription may have been a source for the Old Testament story of Abrahams victory over the four powerful Near Eastern kings. Sources Alibaigi, Sajjad, Kamal Aldin Niknami, and Shokouh Khosravi. The Location of the Parthian City of Bagistana in Bistoun, Kermanshah: A Proposal. Iranica Antiqua 47 (2011): 117–31. Print.Briant, Pierre. History of the Persian Empire (550–330 BC). Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia. Eds. Curtis, John E., and Nigel Tallis. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005. 12–17. Print.Daryaee, Touraj. Persianate Contribution to the Study of Antiquity: Etemad Al-Saltanehs Nativisation of the Qajars. Iran 54.1 (2016): 39–45. Print.Ebeling, Signe Oksefjell, and Jarie Ebeling. From Babylon to Bergen: On the Usefulness of Aligned Texts. Bergen Language and Linguistics Studies 3.1 (2013): 23–42. Print.Finn, Jennifer. Gods, Kings, Men: Trilingual Inscriptions and Symbolic Visualizations in the Achaemenid Empire. Ars Orientalis 41 (2011): 219–75. Print.Naaman, Nadav. Abrahams Victory over the Kings of the Four Quadrants in Light of Darius Is Bis itun Inscription. Tel Aviv 42.1 (2015): 72–88. Print. Olmstead, A. T. Darius and His Behistun Inscription. The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 55.4 (1938): 392–416. Print.Rawlinson, H. C. Memoir on the Babylonian and Assyrian Inscriptions. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 14 (1851): i–16. Print.Tavernier, Jan. An Achaemenid Royal Inscription: The Text of Paragraph 13 of the Aramaic Version of the Bisitun Inscription. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 60.3 (2001): 61–176. Print.Wilson-Wright, Aren. From Persepolis to Jerusalem: A Reevaluation of Old Persian-Hebrew Contact in the Achaemenid Period. Vetus Testamentum 65.1 (2015): 152–67. Print.

Acceptance of Children With Disabilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Acceptance of Children With Disabilities - Essay Example relation to the education and other services they provide. This means they must plan ahead, identify barriers to learning and, as far as possible, take action to remove them; schools are also required to draw up accessibility plans". (http://www.everychildmatters.gov.uk/ete/agencies/primaryschool/)Bicker (1995) is of the view that successful inclusion of a child in a classroom setting consists of three key factors. The first factor comprises of the attitude of the teacher. Throughout the school day, young children without disabilities are able to perform a number of tasks that a disabled child may not be able to carry out or may have difficulty in executing. Thus, it often falls upon the teacher to administer the situation in such a manner that the disabled child does not feel humiliated and/or self-conscious about his inability. In addition, the teacher also has to help the children without disabilities to understand and be sensitive towards his/her peer(s).

The digital and online marketing strategies adopted by the main UK Essay

The digital and online marketing strategies adopted by the main UK grocery supermarkets - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that over time, aggregate demand generated for consumer use goods and services has substantially increased in major economies of the world. Higher demand has carved the way for increased production-oriented activities. Furthermore, higher production participation has enhanced the degree of market rivalry between profit-making commercial firms. At this juncture, without the essence of modern cost-efficient marketing activities, a company cannot achieve success in business. The researcher in this assignment is a marketing consultant, responsible for this report that summarizes online and digital marketing strategies implemented by grocery supermarkets of the U.K. The summary will include critical analysis of the strategies, based on a comparative analysis framework. In 2013, it was estimated that net worth of the U.K. grocery market was  £169.7 billion. The surplus value of the industry had increased by 3.7% from 2012 to 2013. It is forecas ted that by 2018, worth of the industry would be  £205.9 billion, along with an annual growth rate of 21.3%. Since the U.K. grocery supermarkets operate in an Oligopolistic market, they are exposed to cut-throat competition. Each profit making company undertakes decisions regarding price and output on the basis of strategic behavior. In the current epoch, the internet has helped in formulating new strategies and business models for firms across several industries. Online shopping or retailing approaches have substantially changed the U.K. supermarket retailing process. These changes are noted in channel coordination and development, business scope, central business model, core processes, buyers’ value creation and online partnerships related to firms. Tesco has started to conduct trade over digital marketplaces from 1994, which was named as â€Å"Tesco Direct†. Later in 2000, the company had launched its official website, Tesco.com. Tesco is considered to be the larg est online U.K. based grocery retailer in the world. The company had invested large sums of money for online marketing purposes. It had conducted advertisement campaigns for internet phones it had sold. The company promoted these internet phones by providing free call facility the owners. Tesco was also the first online grocery retailer, which had initiated home delivery facilities to customers. However, all activities of the company are highly sustainable to the environment.